Design and Product Development

Adaptive Footwear Needs for Individuals with Paralysis: A Look at the Unique Needs of Ankle-foot Orthoses (AFO) Users

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Abstract

Individuals with paralysis (PWP) face significant challenges finding footwear that meets their mobility needs, particularly those who use ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). This qualitative study examined the footwear needs of PWP, with specific attention to how AFO users’ requirements differ from those who do not use orthotic devices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 PWP and 7 caregivers recruited through adaptive sports organizations and rehabilitation centers across the United States and Canada. Thematic analysis identified three primary challenges: fit and sizing, comfort and support, and accessibility and ease of use. Findings revealed that AFO users experience compounded difficulties related to accommodating both the foot and brace, leading to pressure points, instability, discomfort, and challenges with donning and doffing. Participants frequently relied on oversized footwear or adaptive features such as zippers and Velcro closures. Results highlight the need for specialized adaptive footwear solutions that support mobility for AFO users.

Keywords: Disability, Paralysis, Ankle-foot Orthoses (AFOs), Adaptive Footwear

How to Cite:

Morris, K. D., Aflatoony, L., Hobbs-Murphy, K. & McBee-Black, K., (2026) “Adaptive Footwear Needs for Individuals with Paralysis: A Look at the Unique Needs of Ankle-foot Orthoses (AFO) Users”, International Textile and Apparel Association Annual Conference Proceedings 82(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.31274/itaa.22730